Antipodal Focusing

Monday, October 25 2004

Antipodal focusing is an accepted propagation mode in the MF/HF frequency SWL and amateur radio communities and many stories abound concerning very long range reception of relatively weak transmitted signals at high strength levels. The heterogeneous ionosphere will allow for antipodal focusing on HF but in practice true antipodal focusing is a rare.
 
A U.S. Government communications agency propagation study found that true HF frequency antipodal focusing is indeed rare and partial propagation path antipodal focusing is a more common mechanism and occurs most frequently around the Spring and Fall Equinox when the heterogeneous ionosphere is more uniform. MF frequency true antipodal focusing is virtually impossible and partial antipodal focusing a distinct rarity. At MF the propagation mechanisms mistaken for antipodal focusing are chordal hopping and ionosphere layer ducting. 
 
73,
Thomas F. Giella, KN4LF
Retired Space & Atmospheric Weather Forecaster
Plant City, FL, USA
Grid Square EL87WX
Lat & Long 27 58 33.6397 N 82 09 52.4052 W
kn4lf@arrl.net
 
Propagation eGroup: http://lists.contesting.com/mailman/listinfo/propagation
PropNET Beacon Program: http://www.propnet.org
KN4LF Daily Solar Space Weather & Geomagnetic Data Archive: http://www.kn4lf.com/kn4lf5.htm
KN4LF Amateur & SWL Radio History: http://www.kn4lf.com
----- Original Message -----
Sent: Monday, October 25, 2004 02:47 AM
Subject: [PSC.Committee] Skip focusing - Further food for thought

Maybe I'm missing something here. My picture seems very simple to me - I didn't think I needed to go into such detail, but I have attached my picture of antipodal focusing in a WORD document, as I felt the need to do some sketches. Please excuse their crudity, but I find WORD difficult in this respect!
 
I have only considered focusing in the horizontal plane, because this is peculiar to antipodal focusing. There is also focusing in the vertical plane e.g. due to the concave curvature of the ionosphere (while the convex surface of the earth will have the opposite effect), and other effects mentioned in previous e-mails, but these effects occur over all paths, not only the antipodal path, so I haven't considered these here.
 
I am sorry I cannot produce any estimate of the focusing gain, this would depend on the width of the bundle of rays focused at the antipodal point, and this in turn would depend on the homogeneity of the ionosphere and ground reflection points. I don't have any ray tracing software with which I could make an estimate, but intuitively it seems that if other focusing effects are significant, this must be also.
 
In addition, as I mentioned before, I see no alternative to explain the consistent propagation from G and near Europe to ZL and nowhere else along the terminator almost every morning on 40m. At the same time the terminator would be crossing many Pacific islands (some of them, like Fiji, populous), and a significant part of Africa. I intend to start recording this effect (times, signal strengths).
 
Geoff.
 

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